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Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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A Sociotechnical Method for Designing Work Systems

Patrick E. Waterson

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Melanie T. Older Gray

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Chris W. Clegg

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

The paper describes a new method for allocating work between and among humans and machines. The method consists of a series of stages, which cover how the overall work system should be organized and designed; how tasks within the work system should be allocated (human-human allocations); and how tasks involving the use of technology should be allocated (human-machine allocations). The method makes use of a series of decision criteria that allow end users to consider a range of factors relevant to function allocation, including aspects of job, organizational, and technological design. The method is described in detail using an example drawn from a workshop involving the redesign of a naval command and control (C2) subsystem. We also report preliminary details of the evaluation of the method, based on the views of participants at the workshop. A final section outlines the contribution of the work in terms of current theoretical developments within the domain of function allocation. The method has been applied to the domain of naval C2 systems; however, it is also designed for generic use within function allocation and sociotechnical work systems.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 44, No. 3, 376-391 (2002)
DOI: 10.1518/0018720024497628
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