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Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Effects of Head-Slaved Navigation and the Use of Teleports on Spatial Orientation in Virtual Environments

Niels H. Bakker

Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands

Peter O. Passenier

TNO Human Factors, Soesterberg, Netherlands

Peter J. Werkhoven

TNO Multimedia and Telecommunications, Delft, Netherlands

The type of navigation interface in a virtual environment (VE)---head slaved or indirect---determines whether or not proprioceptive feedback stimuli are present during movement. In addition, teleports can be used, which do not provide continuous movement but, rather, discontinuously displace the viewpoint over large distances. A two-part experiment was performed. The first part investigated whether head-slaved navigation provides an advantage for spatial learning in a VE. The second part investigated the role of anticipation when using teleports. The results showed that head-slaved navigation has an advantage over indirect navigation for the acquisition of spatial knowledge in a VE. Anticipating the destination of the teleport prevented disorientation after the displacement to a great extent but not completely. The time that was needed for anticipation increased if the teleport involved a rotation of the viewing direction. This research shows the potential added value of using a head-slaved navigation interface---for example, when using VE for training purposes---and provides practical guidelines for the use of teleports in VE applications.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 45, No. 1, 160-169 (2003)
DOI: 10.1518/hfes.45.1.160.27234
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