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Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Two Urinary Catecholamine Measurement Indices for Applied Stress Research: Effects of Time and Temperature until Freezing

Achim Elfering

University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland

Simone Grebner

University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland

Norbert K. Semmer

University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland

Christa Byland

University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland

Hans Gerber

University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland

Research on stress at work often involves the analysis of urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline. It is usually assumed that samples have to be cooled quickly and stored at refrigerator temperature before freezing. This is often difficult to achieve in field studies. This experimental study therefore tests the robustness of results when samples are not cooled immediately. Samples of 9 men and women, collected at 3 points in time, were immediately frozen, kept for a variable delay in a warm room, or stored in a refrigerator before freezing. Two indices were calculated: (a) the ratio of hormones to liquid volume, period of excretion, and body weight; and (b) the ratio of hormones to urinary creatinine. The reliability of high performance liquid chromatography analysis was satisfactory, as was the comparability of the 2 indices. Unfavorable storage up to 24 hr did not cause bacteria-driven decreases of catecholamines, regardless of storage temperature or sampling time. Results suggest high stability for at least 24 hr without cooling, provided the samples are immediately acidified. Cooling may therefore be handled less restrictively than has been assumed. The application of this research is to facilitate research in settings where samples are collected at different places, such as participants' homes or different workplaces.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 45, No. 4, 563-574 (2003)
DOI: 10.1518/hfes.45.4.563.27086
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