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Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Engaging in Activities Involving Information Technology: Dimensions, Modes, and Flow

Henry Montgomery

Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Parvaneh Sharafi

Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Leif R. Hedman

Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

An engagement mode involves a subject (e.g., a user of information technology, or IT) who is engaged in an activity with an object in a certain manner (the mode). The purpose of this study is to develop a general model of engagement modes that may be used for understanding how IT-related activities are shaped by properties of the user and the IT object. A questionnaire involving items on IT engagement and the experience of flow was administered to 300 participants. The results supported an engagement mode (EM) model involving 5 different engagement modes (enjoying/acceptance, ambition/curiosity, avoidance/hesitation, frustration/anxiety, and efficiency/productivity) characterized on 3 dimensions (evaluation of object, locus of control between subject and object, and intrinsic or extrinsic focus of motivation). The flow experience follows from a balance between enjoying/acceptance and efficiency/productivity propelled by ambition/curiosity. The EM model could provide a platform for considering how IT users, IT applications, and IT environments should work together to yield both enjoyment and efficiency. Actual or potential applications of this research include designing IT training programs on different levels of specificity.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 46, No. 2, 334-348 (2004)
DOI: 10.1518/hfes.46.2.334.37345
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