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Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Detection of Emergency Vehicles: Driver Responses to Advance Warning in a Driving Simulator

Michael G. Lenné

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, michael.lenne{at}muarc.monash.edu.au

Thomas J. Triggs

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Christine M. Mulvihill

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Michael A. Regan

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Bruce F. Corben

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Objective: This research evaluated the effects of an advance warning device (AWD) on the safety of driver interactions with emergency vehicles (EVs). The AWD was intended to provide drivers with advance warning of an approaching on-call EV via visual and auditory warnings when the EV was within a 300- to 400-m radius. Background: Research suggests that drivers can experience difficulty accurately detecting the distance and direction of approaching on-call EV. In-vehicle technology has not previously been explored as a means of overcoming the limitations of existing EV lights and sirens and improving driver detection of EV. Method: An experimental study using an advanced driving simulator examined the effects of the AWD on driving performance in a range of circumstances in which real-world EV crashes and near-misses commonly occur. Each event contained a combination of scenario type (adjacent lane, turning across, car following) and warning condition (control, standard, advance). Results: Data from 22 participants were collected, including measures of speed, braking, and visual scanning. For adjacent-lane and turning-across events, the AWD was associated primarily with reductions in mean speed. The AWD resulted in an earlier lane change to clear a path for the EV in the car-following event. Conclusion: The reduction in speed observed was a positive finding, given the relationship between impact speed and injury severity. Response priming emerged as the mechanism underpinning these effects. Application: Response priming may result in safety benefits in other settings when an advisory warning is presented before the threat can be perceived.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 50, No. 1, 135-144 (2008)
DOI: 10.1518/001872008X250557
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